Touch Football Analysis Essay Essay Example

Touch Football Analysis Essay Essay Touch football involves the usage of all three energy systems which are the ATP-CP system. Lactic Acid system and the Aerobic system. ATP shops are to the full replenished after 2-3 proceedingss or 50 % can be replenished after 30 seconds. The ATP-CP system is anaerobiotic which means there is no O nowadays and is a consequence of the dislocation of creatine phosphate. It is preponderantly used in activities which are high strength and last for up to 10 seconds. There are no fatiguing by merchandises nevertheless ATP production is really limited. The lactic acid system is besides anaerobiotic nevertheless it lasts for around 90 seconds. It is the consequence of glucose being converted into lactic acid. Lactic acid is a fatiguing by merchandise that builds up in the organic structure after vigorous exercising and which force an jock to decelerate or halt their activity. The concluding energy system is the aerophilic system. This is the production of energy from the dislocation of saccharides and fats utilizing O. This system is used for low strength activities of a long continuance. The bi-products of this system are H2O. C dioxide and heat nevertheless they are non tiring which is why the aerobic system is efficient for long continuance and endurance events. We will write a custom essay sample on Touch Football Analysis Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Touch Football Analysis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Touch Football Analysis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A game of touch requires the usage and interplay of all three energy systems ; ATP-CP. Lactic Acid and Aerobic systems. The organic structure at the same time uses an energy system as there are many accomplishments in touch that are of different strengths and continuance. For approximately the first 2 proceedingss of the game. the strength is submaximal as participant 1 is acquiring into place. It can be seen on the bosom rate proctor graph that there is a little addition in bosom rate bespeaking a little addition of strength from walking to a visible radiation jog which can be shown in the tabular array. The organic structure is able work aerobically at this point as there is sufficient O to run into the demands of the activity. The bosom rate proctor shows at point A that there is a steep slope of participant 1’s bosom rate. This was caused by a series of contrivances. dashs and side which increased the bosom rate at 3 proceedingss into the game. As these activities are of a higher strength and in such a short infinite of clip. it creates an O shortage. Because of this O shortage. the organic structure has to now use the ATP-CP system. However. the ATP-CP system is merely fleeting. enduring for 10 seconds. and therefore its shop becomes largely used up. The lactic acid system so becomes the more dependent energy system. 5 proceedingss into the game the bosom rate graph shows a little tableland which indicates that participant 1 was working at maximum strength. It is merely possible to work near to this threshold for a limited clip therefore strength must drop doing the bosom rate to take down. Player 1 was involved in a series of dashs. contrivances and side stepping every bit good as playing the ball and passing. These are all high strength activities which have caused the addition of bosom rate on the graph. After the first 5 proceedingss of the game. participant 1 is substituted away. At this point. Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption ( EPOC ) takes topographic point. EPOC allows the aerophilic system to refill ATP-CP shops and resynthesises lactic acid. The first phase of EPOC is called alactacid and restores ATP-CP. This procedure happens rapidly in merely 30 seconds and is of import as the ATP-CP system is really of import in a game of touch. After being substituted back on. participant 1 will hold had full shops of ATP-CP. The same can be said for points C and D nevertheless at point D. exercice has ceased and a full EPOC can take topographic point. The first phase of EPOC is the alactacid constituent which involves the Restoration of ATP and CP shops and O. This procedure takes 2-3 proceedingss. The 2nd portion is the Lactacid constituent and involves the remotion of lactic acid and refilling of animal starch. Full recovery may take up to 90 proceedingss. A warm down should hold been done by the jock to rush up the remotion of lactic acid every bit good as forestalling blood pooling. leting skeletal musculuss to oxidize and to maintain blood circulation elevated. 4: There are legion tactics used in touch football to out play the other squad which can be done by using each of the three energy systems. . Many of these tactics involve utilizing the cognition of the energy systems to an advantage. One maneuver used by many squads is to run at the same guardian invariably while assailing so that. that participant will go exhausted and as a consequence. will non be able to run as fast or acquire back into place in clip. This will open up spreads in the other team’s defense mechanism line and will make an country for a squad mate to run through. By pin indicating one participant they will hold to run backwards for a few dramas which will last for over 10 seconds and as a consequence the participant will hold depleted their ATP-CP system. This doesn’t let the guardian to refill ATP-CP shops before each touch. coercing them to preponderantly utilize their lactic system to synthesize energy. The Lactic acid system produces the tiring byproduct lactic acid which causes the participant to pall. As a consequence the guardian will non be able to react as rapidly and make a spread in the defensive line that the herd can run through. After executing a maximum attempt as a herd. participant 1 should be shifted to the flying where less intense and frequent activity occurs. This is where positioning becomes a great tactic and will let for the aerophilic system to be predominately used to reconstruct ATP-CP every bit good as resynthesise lactic acid. Following this. participant one should be substituted off to let ATP-CP shops to refill 50 % . Another great maneuver is to utilize the replacements sagely. When doing a replacement it is smarter to do the alteration when your squad is assailing to avoid any defensive spreads for the other squad to run through. While in an assaultive drama. the participants that are fatigued should float closer to the bench so that speedy permutations can be made. A tactic would affect altering 3-4 participants at one clip to hold a rested squad on the field and to besides confound the oppositions as to who they are supporting. The participants that have merely been rested should hold a full ATP-CP system which is good to rule the drama. 5: Touch involves the combination of many fitness constituents. nevertheless. it is clear from set abouting a game’s analysis that some have more of an impact on the game than others. Agility is defined as the ability to alter way rapidly and accurately while keeping balance which is decidedly a chief facet of the athletics. A GPS tracker was placed on a pupil to map his running during a touch game and the consequences show many crisp bends and running that isn’t in a consecutive line. It is clear from the map of the tracking device that legion crisp alterations of waies were required during the game. There were a sum of 10 contrivances. 12 dashs and 16 occasions where participant 1 had to side measure. All of these accomplishments required some signifier of sudden alteration of way. It is an indispensable portion of touch to be able to forge one way. doing your opposition to switch their Centre of gravitation. and so rapidly alter way into a spread. Besides. dodging and weaving in between participants is necessary. Speed is defined as how rapidly a organic structure portion can be put into gesture or the velocity of contraction. This is necessary in touch football as a batch of fast motions and sprinting is required to maintain up with drama. to run past oppositions or gimmick oppositions. The game is played at a fast gait to seek and catch the guardians out of place or off guard and to do it easier to acquire past them. Cardio-respiratory endurance is a cardinal constituent to the game of Touch as it is the capacity of your bosom. blood vass and lungs to work expeditiously to present O during uninterrupted activity. Age. genetic sciences. and physical conditioning all play a function in an individual’s cardiorespiratory endurance. With an enhanced ability to take in O and present it to working musculuss. the musculuss are able to go on activity longer without weariness. 6: Cardio-respiratory endurance is of import in many athleticss and is something that many jocks should better. Two developing methods that could be used to better this are Fartlek and Interval preparation. Both manners of preparation are utile and specific to many squad athleticss including touch football as they are similar to the type of work done in a game. Interval developing involves jumping periods of activity with periods of remainder and can be categorised by short. intermediate or long interval preparation. Short interval preparation develops power. intermediate develops lactic acerb tolerance and long develops aerophilic power. To aim the ATP-CP system the work to rest ratio should be 1:3/1:25. to aim the Lactic acid system it should be 1:2/1:3 and for the aerophilic system it should be 1:1. Fartlek preparation is considered to be a mixture of interval and uninterrupted preparation. This is achieved by making a uninterrupted activity and integrating random explosions of velocity or addition of strength. Both types of preparation should integrate the preparation rules which include progressive overload. fluctuation. specificity. individualism. recovery. decreasing returns. frequence. continuance. strength and reversibility. Progressive overload is the construct of gradual increasing the demand to do betterments. If the preparation burden remained unchanged. no farther betterments in fittingness would happen. This can be applied to fartlek preparation and interval preparation by increasing the figure of times an activity is done or at what strength it is done. For illustration if the fartlek preparation was to ramble on for one minute and dash for 5 seconds. the spring can be increased to 10 seconds. In interval developing the repeats could be increased. Variation should be included into both developing methods to non merely do betterments in fittingness. but to besides to guarantee the jock remains psychologically focused and motivated. To guarantee maximum betterment is achieved by the person. all rules should be considered when making a preparation plan.

personal statement for the msc in applied microbiology and biotechnology Essay Example

personal statement for the msc in applied microbiology and biotechnology Essay Personal Statement for the MSc in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Microbiology and Biotechnology is one of the most quickly turning Fieldss within applied scientific disciplines, holding applications from the diagnosing and intervention of medical conditions, through to the sweetening of nutrient production. Due to the possible impact on human life, the importance of biotechnology is presently really high in both the populace and scientific docket. The chief focal point of the class will be on Bioprocess Design, Bioprocess Technology, Biotechnology Business and Industrial Microbiology which is designed to run into industry s turning demand for forces with expertness in applied microbiology and biotechnology. Molecular biological science, ( molecular ) genetic sciences and bioinformatics form the backbone of Biotechnology, and different facets of these characteristic in a figure of faculties in the class. A thorough apprehension of the nexus between DNA, RNA and protein is polar. You will analyze cistron look and protein production and purification, and applications thereof in different biotechnological Fieldss. In add-on to developing subject-based expertness and accomplishments, you will see the many planetary issues associated with recent biotechnological progresss. We will write a custom essay sample on personal statement for the msc in applied microbiology and biotechnology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on personal statement for the msc in applied microbiology and biotechnology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on personal statement for the msc in applied microbiology and biotechnology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This class will give me the entree to a field of survey which will hold a major impact in the hereafter of scientific discipline. The MSc Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology class in University of Westminster is specifically designed to spread out our cognition and penetration in the scientific discipline underpinning biotechnological rules. In add-on, it will assist me to use those cognition and accomplishments in turn toing specific biotechnological jobs in the Fieldss of animate being, works and microbic biotechnology. The class besides will heighten my calling chances in the biotechnological industries, enabling me to take full advantage of chances that will result from the enlargement of this country and/or fix me for farther academic research. Why Microbiology Experts believe that one million people now suffer from food-borne unwellness in England and Wales entirely. Worldwide, every minute six kids die from the ingestion of nutrient and H2O contaminated with micro-organisms. Research into the bacteriums and viruses that are responsible for food-borne unwellness is progressing quickly, bettering our apprehension of the interaction of these bacteriums with adult male, the environment, agribusiness and nutrient. As a effect, there is now an pressing demand for well-qualified alumnuss who can construe these new progresss and use their cognition in callings within the nutrient industry, DEFRA and the Food Standards Agency, every bit good as in Local Government and infirmary research labs. A survey of micro-organisms ( bacteriums, Fungis, viruses, algae and Protozoa ) provides of import penetrations into many of the cardinal jobs in biological science. Because of their easiness of use and rapid growing, such beings are often used as experimental systems for research in biochemistry and molecular biological science. Recent public concerns about microbic taint of nutrient and industry s turning involvement in biotechnology have increased the demand for graduate microbiologists. The class at University of Westminster purposes to supply you with the chance to derive a sound preparation in both the theoretical and practical facets of this quickly developing topic. Features of the MSc in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology programme include: a scope of faculty picks to accommodate my capable involvements different combinations of faculties which qualify me for one of the named specializer awards arrangements in research labs and pharmaceutical companies both place and abroad research undertakings utilizing state-of-the-art equipment a Graduate Development Programme which supports key accomplishments and employability throughout the grade Why Biotechnology It is an exciting clip to go involved in the biotechnology revolution. Humanity is faced with many challenges such as feeding spread outing populations, planetary heating and supplying for our energy demands while cut downing our trust on fossil fuels, protecting the environment by forestalling and cleaning up pollution, utilizing the cognition gained from the human genome undertaking and other cutting border research to foster our apprehension of disease and using that cognition to develop fresh interventions and pharmaceuticals, better industrial procedures by technology biological science to make the chemical science. Biotechnology provides a tool box for undertaking these challenges and in the following decennary, as the gait of progresss in biotechnology accelerates, the impact of biotechnology will be even greater, supplying an copiousness of alone chances to do new finds and present inventions bettering the quality of people s lives Biotechnology is one of the fastest turning industries worldwide, with gross from public biotechnology companies exceling US $ 70 billion in 2006. ( Ernst A ; Young, Global Biotechnology Report 2007 ) Over the past 10 old ages, it is estimated that the figure of people employed within the biotechnology industry has grown by over 90 % . It is a dynamic industry that presents first-class chances to progress your calling in a broad scope of functions including academic research, industrial research and development, concern direction and development, gross revenues and selling, fabrication and quality control and confidence. And the combination of Microbiology and Biotechnology The University of Westminster besides provide the great chance to accomplishing the grade of Microbiology and Biotechnology both in a combination. The aim of the Master of Science in this class is to supply future biotechnologists with the accomplishments and competences needed today to plan biotechnological research, implement biotechnological undertakings, and be aftering determination, create and use research modes to larger strategies set in big research undertakings in order to better the wellness position and quality of life in developing states like Bangladesh.

Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology Essay Example

Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology Essay Example Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology Essay Research Methodology And Statistics Psychology Essay Research work involves roll uping and analysing information and this type of work involves the employment of assorted techniques to carry through and compose a good paper or coming up with the appropriate research consequences ( Black, 1999 ) . Research helps people in general to do enlightening determinations in their assorted capacities or caliber in the society. In doing proper determinations in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life we do this through acquiring information from wirelesss, reading magazines and newspapers, watching telecastings and other beginnings of information that may be availed to us. Research besides helps people to understand what is go oning in the society or what is go oning to a company and whether it affects the populace or non ( Heppner et al, 1999 ) . Further when asking about something, for case a school or a certain university, these activities require some kind of research in one manner or another. Some research workers argue that, by simp ly watching or detecting what is traveling on in the society is in itself research work- a procedure where we collect information or informations so as to move on the same. Research is a signifier of inquiring inquiries in a certain country in order to garner the needed information and information which is subsequently analyzed and eventually one gets consequences which are used to do appropriate decisions and recommendations. This paper will concentrate on research methodological analysiss and statistics and the manner the two are utile in research work. Since research involves assorted methods and attacks it is of import for a research worker to take the most appropriate research methods and statistical trials that will assist him/her in carry throughing what they want. Therefore, this paper will discourse the assorted methods used in informations aggregation and sampling of the same information. In the treatment disadvantages and advantages of these research methods will be discussed. Finally, the paper will analyse two instance surveies that have been put frontward. For one to come up with accurate consequences and do prudent decisions and recommendations it is of import for the research worker to utilize the most appropriate research methodological analysis for the research. For a good research to be accomplished the undermentioned research attacks are used: Correlation survey is used to look into the relation of two different variables and to mensurate their association between each other. When making this survey the individual who is carry oning the survey examines the already bing variables and cheques how they are related to one another. Correlation is done in order to find and do anticipations about certain variables which are based on what is known on the other variables ( Creswell, 1998 ) . It is of import to observe that in a correlativity survey the research worker steps already bing conditions which are known. For case, if we take the correlativity between the educated people and their income we are able to reason that people who are most educated earn better and higher wages. Research workers are able to foretell on variables if there is a correlativity between two variables. This is so because if one is able to cognize the figure of twelvemonth one has been in instruction the research worker is able to foretell the wage or in come. There are two different types of correlativity in the research survey and they are negative and positive correlativities. The ulterior type of correlativity involves increase of both variables, like wise if the variables are diminishing both of them must make the same ( LaFountain A ; Bartos, 2002 ) . For case the illustration which was used earlier is a positive type of correlativity because for the income to increase the figure of old ages inn instruction must be increased. In negative correlativity, when the values of one point or variable lessenings the other variable additions. An illustration of negative correlativity is where a pupil spends more clip watching telecasting the classs go down. To add to that, in correlativity survey different types of measuring are used for illustration ordinal graduated table, nominal graduated table and ratio measuring. For case while making a nominal measuring persons use labels. Nominal graduated table offer labels and names for specific features. Advantage Research workers are able to do anticipations on things if their correlativities are known unlike in insouciant comparative survey ( LaFountain A ; Bartos, 2002 ) . Disadvantage Correlation is hard to retrieve since cause is non measured. Research workers are non able to cognize what caused the other thing to go on even though they are related ( LaFountain A ; Bartos, 2002 ) . Causal-comparative survey This type of research involves the description of already bing scenarios and conditions. In this survey the research worker tries to find the ground or the cause the differences that are in being between two or more different persons or groups ( Rosenthal A ; Rosnow, 199 ) . Such a survey is called a descriptive survey since the events which are involved have already occurred and the survey must be conducted in retrospect. The attack of this survey involves analysing the consequence of the job and so finding the cause of the job or of that consequence. Therefore, the attack of insouciant comparative survey begins with the cause of the consequence and so investigates the effects of that cause on some variables that are involved in the survey. This type of survey is normally used in research establishments for educational intents ( Gay et al, 2008 ) . This type of survey involves comparing of variables instead than indentifying the relationship between the variables as is in the insta nce of correlativity survey therefore doing it more desirable for research. Normally in this type of survey persons are non involved in the allotment of interventions, this is because they are merely involved as a group but non as persons. In this survey merely groups are involved which may be one or more groups but assigned to one independent variable that can non be manipulated but can be improved ( Brown, 1998 ) . The survey ensures that the pick of groups is different from the independent variable which is assigned to the groups therefore doing it non to be manipulated. For case one can non pull strings gender or age of the participants. Advantages The variables in that are involved in the survey can non be manipulated ; hence doing it desirable, this is different from other types of surveies for illustration the colour survey. The survey tries to foreground the cause of the consequence hence doing it easier for the execution squad to work out it more easy ( Rosenthal A ; Rosnow, 199 ) . Disadvantage Compared to other types of surveies e.g. quasi experimental survey, it does non supply an existent or accurate informations to the research worker ( Rosenthal A ; Rosnow, 199 ) . Quasi-experimental survey Quasi experimental design involves some experiments or surveies which are done, where the research worker has no or small control over the distribution or allocation of the interventions and other factors which are being studied. In this manner of survey there are no random assignments being picked ( Lachin, 1988 ) . This type of survey has its alone characteristics since it uses the analysis of clip series: there is interrupted clip series and the uninterrupted clip series. When one is carry oning this type of survey one has indentified or highlighted the variables that are to be used ( Creswell, 2008 ) . In the pick of the variables the quasi variable must be manipulated so s to hold an consequence on the dependant variable which is usually a group variable with degrees that are different. Grouping of variables signifies that there are two or more such groups as intervention and placebo group which is besides known as the control groups ( Harrison, 2004 ) . The ulterior group is ch iefly used in medical state of affairss or psychological experiments and surveies. Once these state of affairss have been identified so the predicted consequence or result becomes the dependent variable. If the research worker is utilizing the clip analysis so the result which is the dependent variable is observed over a certain period in order to look into whether there may be any alterations that may come up. Advantages This type of design is easier and simple to put up. This characteristic makes the quasi experimental survey to be used where randomisation is impractical compared to other types of survey methods which are complicated ( Creswell, 2008 ) . While utilizing this type of survey, menaces are minimized which may happen to external cogency. This is because the experiments are natural and natural conditions do non hold same crisis of artificiality. Disadvantages Since the experiments can be manipulated, these uses can take to serious fortunes ; this is different in insouciant comparative survey where variables are non manipulated ( Creswell, 2008 ) . Quasi experiments have a lack in randomisation which is different from the remainder of the surveies, therefore makes it hard to make away with confusing variables therefore conveying up new jobs such as internal cogency. Experimental survey This is a type of survey where research workers are involved in some kind of hypothesis and viing methods. An experimental survey is done to either bing theories which are to be proved incorrect or right or the usage of hypothesis. This type of survey involves many methods which are used in work outing a certain job. An experimental survey involves two characteristics that are control and natural experiments. In a controlled experiment usually shows the consequence of a certain intervention on a topic and its effects ( Harrison, 2004 ) . Research workers who use this type of survey usually compare the out comes which have been revealed from the experimental sample against a sample which is controlled. On the other manus natural experiments are ever observation surveies where the interventions are randomly assigned to topics. This means that the assignment of intervention to topics has non been randomized and is really non done by experimenters. Advantage Compared to the insouciant comparative survey most of the consequences are accurate ( Harrison, 2004 ) . Disadvantage This type of survey consume allot of clip and resources when compared to other types of survey methods for case the correlativity survey ( Harrison, 2004 ) . Sampling Methods Research workers use different trying methods in order to come up with prudent consequences for their work, these methods are as discussed below. Random trying This is a type of trying where an interviewer does non follow specific regulations or lists on where to take samples or which people to interview. In this method there is no list of people to be sampled or to be interviewed. Furthermore, in random trying each interviewee has equal opportunities to be chosen as compared to the others. For illustration in a school of 100 pupils, one might set all their names in a pail in order to take among them who will travel for a trip. This means that every 1 has a opportunity to be chosen for the same trip. In this instance the interviewer merely takes some instructions or some simple random instructions for case interview merely the families on the right side of the route or sample merely houses on the Lashkar-e-Taiba manus side of the route. Compared to the other trying methods, people can non form themselves in order to pull strings the procedure since the interviews are non done at preset topographic points or times ( Stringer, 1999 ) . Anothe r advantage which is critical is that if the participants are involved the procedure becomes really representative. On the other manus, this procedure has a really large demerit since it can take to biasness e.g. some interviewers could disregard some streets since they are non obligated to affect them. Stratified sampling This method of trying usually subdivides populations into subgroups which are dependent on the feature of each group or bomber group. In order to give each group a proper representation or interviews random sampling is done ( Stringer, 1999 ) . The advantage of utilizing this manner of sampling is that it ensures that certain groups or specific 1s are good represented through the choice of sample members from the strata list. Compared to other trying methods such as random sampling, this method is complex and requires a greater work force and more attempts than the other trying methods such as random trying method ( Troxel, 2002 ) . Bunch trying Cluster method of trying involves the choice of different types of bunch and single members and families are interviewed. If the geographical countries of trying are big the cost of trying becomes large and consumes more clip that being one of the chief disadvantages. Cluster trying involves geographical countries such as markets and small towns, but other groups are besides clustered e.g. micro finance groups ( Hart, 2003 ) . By utilizing this type of trying method research workers are able to choose groups or persons indiscriminately with out a individual list. But this method has its disadvantage since bunchs must be tantamount but in some fortunes the natural 1s are may non. External and Internal cogency of the survey Before specifying the words internal and external cogency, it is of kernel to take note of the word cogency itself. We might fundamentally province that cogency is determined when one chooses the suited sample or pull a valid sample. Proportions are the lone things which can be said to be valid, but step, designs and samples do non hold cogency. It is of import to observe that step enables research workers to hold valid and appropriate decisions and consequences or else we can state that a sample leads to valid illations. External cogency is the truth of the informations and the decisions which are drawn from the information which has been forwarded that represent what is delivered to the remainder of the population. For case if there is prejudice on the teachers-trainee in some manner or the other so the out semen which is received from the samples may non be valid to the larger population. On the other manus internal cogency refers to the truth of the informations and decisions which are drawn from the information or information that represent the world of what happened ( Hart, 2003 ) . Peoples conclude that by utilizing the WWW site is correlated to knowledge, but we can non fundamentally province that cognition is straight relative to the usage of WWW site. The two issues for illustration could be basically caused by the same factors. For case one can reason that wealthier pupils who have the entree of cyberspace services would make good on the nonsubjective scrutinies or trials compared to the ot her pupils. Therefore if one claims that the plans or interventions caused the consequences or results n the surveies, it is of import to see internal cogency of the insouciant claim. Decision In decision, research workers should the most appropriate research methods in order to hold a positive out put or consequence. It is besides of import for research workers to analyze these research methods to understand them more so that they can hold a smooth clip when making their research work. If research work is done providentially research workers are able to work out assorted issues impacting the society and they are besides able to foretell the consequences of some phenomena ( Brewerton A ; Millward, 2001 ) . Finally research is really helpful in educational establishments since pupils are able to turn out their endowments. Statisticss An independent variable usually is the variable which represents the value that is being manipulated or distorted, while a dependent variable is the consequence or result of an independent variable that is being manipulated. Case survey I An independent variable can be defined as the portion of a phenomenon which exists and besides originates inducement from a dependent variable. In general illustrations include age, weight and size. In this instance integrating class is the independent variable because this is the characteristic which is being manipulated while the dependent variable is the attitude of the pupils towards instruction because it is dependent on the class. The dependent variable in this instance is measured by usage of a graduated table which is rated up to 12 while the independent variable has been classified as a individual entity i.e. class ( Maxwell, 2005 ) . In this instance the average standard divergence should be used since there is merely one group described and the type of informations is from Gaussian population. Case survey II Reliable variable can be defined as a variable that gets the inducement and calculated for the consequences it causes on the survey. In this instance public presentation of the pupils will be considered as the dependant variable while money and nutrient is considered as the independent variable. The step of the dependant variable is the figure of pupils who were being evaluated for the trial. Mugwump variables have been classified in footings of groups. The Pearson correlativity trial should be used in this instance since the research worker is measuring two or more variables ( Scarr, 2009 ) . Case survey III Amplitude trial can be considered to be the independent variable in this instance survey. On the other manus accomplishment of the pupils in the introductory mathematics can be considered as the dependant variable. This is because if the pupils pass their trials the instructor will cognize that they have achieved something in introductory mathematics. The independent variable is measured by the tonss the pupils get in the trial while the dependent variable is measured by figure of pupils who achieve the needed tonss. This survey should utilize the average criterion divergence because there is merely one group involved ( Williams, 2001 ) . Decision In drumhead, statistical analysis is really critical in any research work being conducted. This is because with the informations collected being analyzed, research workers are able to come up with proper decisions and recommendations. Therefore, it is of import for all research workers to take the most appropriate statistical trials for each and different instance ( Marshall A ; Rossman, 1999 ) . For illustration in the 3rd instance that was studied earlier it was prudent to take the standard mean divergence since there was merely one group of variable involved.

Drug Profile Paper Essays

Drug Profile Paper Essays Drug Profile Paper Essay Drug Profile Paper Essay Drug Profile Paper Shamrock/JW Chemical Dependency in the Workplace April 20, 2011 Drug Profile Paper This paper will summarize some aspects on the psychology and physiology of cocaine addiction as well as other particular drug substances that causes hallucinations and depression In addition illegal and legal drugs that are widely used by young adults like stimulants, cannabis and narcotics will be discuss as well. No doubt, crack cocaine surfaced to the Los Angeles street in the early 80’s this small but power drug took control of thousands of lives, destroyed multitudes of families and brought back gang related deaths in the thousands. To understand how cocaine drug use became so popular one would have to go back and research the very beginning of how it was used. The American people have always abused some type of substance, from the early beginning drugs were used for medical cures. Colonial residents and their predecessors relied on derivatives of natural substances to cure ailments, increase sexual potency, and relieve pain, and to provide pure old fashioned pleasure (De Quincey). Rumors states that Cocaine was used for medical purposes, and was the main ingredient in Coke Cola products back in the 1800’s. Men, and women both used cocaine, but women used it far, more often than men. These women would snort cocaine for energy. These tough pioneer women had a strong belief that cocaine increased their sex drive, improved coordination and concentration. In addition cocaine was administered by doctors and dentists to patients for pain and used for local anesthesia. Cocaine is an acid hydrochloride, and has three major effects. First effect is the euphoria (a feeling of excitement and joy). Second effect stimulant (a temporary increase in functional activity), and third local anesthesia (induced loss of sensitivity to pain in all or a part of the body for medical reasons). However, the short and long term effect of cocaine use never enters the minds of most people that drug abuse cocaine or any drug legal or illegal. The short term physiological effects of cocaine are increase heart rate, blood pressure, vertigo; dilated pupils, block blood vessel, and paranoia. The long term effects of cocaine are: heart disease, heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, gastrointestinal problems. Other physical symptoms include convulsionsokes, seizures, and ga failure, strokes, seizures, a coma nausea, blurred vision, chest pain, fever, muscle spasms, and coma (NIDA). In addition; irritability, mood swings restlessness, auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and addiction. In the same way crack cocaine affects the brain. The brain release a fluid called dopamine it connects to the nerve cells in the brain and the feeling of euphoria is felt. The brain stores its own dopamine, but crack speeds up the process of the release with a fast flush causing a feeling of great pleasure. Crack cocaine is smoke in a glass pipe the smoke enters the lungs and the travels quickly thru the body, and rushes to the brain this is where the short term euphoria feeling comes from. The come down from the psychology15second crack cocaine rush is very emotional it leaves the abuser in the state of depression, and a tremendous urge for more crack cocaine. Some crack abuser have shown schizophrenic tendencies, and hallucinations, example: Randy a twenty-three old black male smoke crack cocaine for two years straight one evening after a three day binge Randy started to hallucinate he saw rats running around his feet where there were no rats at all. From that point on Randy saw rats every time he would smoke crack cocaine until his death one year later from a seizer while smoking crack. Example two: Debbie a; thirty three: Thomas a thirty –six year old black male started snorting at the age of nineteen for an athletic injury. Snorting wasn’t strong enough after six months he started smoking, his habit grew, so large that he lied, and stole from his family just to feed the crack habit. Thomas crack cocaine abuse has caused him to lose his family, and friends he still smokes today while battling cancer of the throat. At this level, other drugs might not seem, so bad well don’t relax the new drugs are on the rise, and they are legal to have. Yes, legal cough syrup the new drug is called promethazine with codeine syrup; Promethazine/Codeine Syrup is a phenothiazine antihistamine and narcotic cough suppressant combination. The antihistamine works by blocking the action of histamine to reduce the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as runny nose and sinus drainage. The cough suppressant works in the brain to decrease the cough reflex (Kluwer). In addition there’re two other drugs Oxycontin and Vicodin these pain killers have a higher health, and death rate for abusers. A study was done from a data base of Medicare recipients. The recipients were issued five different kinds of pain killers from 1996-2005. The researchers study 6,300 patients who took Vicodin, Darvon, Oxycodone, Ultram, and Oxycontin. The patients who took the Vicodin suffer some type of heart problems or intensify the heart condition they already had in a 180 days period: Example, Mary 85 year old black female has congestive heart failure takes Vicodin everyday for the last six years by her taking this drug she is able to walk and move her body with minimum pain. Every five months mucus, and water builds in the heart arteries and it has to be flush. Yes, Ms Mary is addicted to Vicodin and will have to have it for the rest of her life (Tillman). In addition the patients who took Oxycontin were prone to some kind of fracture to their bodies. The study show that all five drugs cause death to patients in small numbers, but after 30 days, those who took Oxycodone were 2. 4 times more likely to die than those taking hydrocodone, and codeine users were twice as likely to die (Kluwer). Certainly, the new strains of Marijuana can’t be left out. The new marijuana strains consist of eight types and 95 different brands. These new strains are highly potent with THC factors ranging from 20% to 30% and not deadly. It will take a few more years to know the results of the affects the new strains of marijuana will have on people that smoke marijuana. To conclude with all the different kinds of medication on the market and easy availability of illegal or legal it would be easy for anyone to be a abuser of drugs without knowing. Each person that uses any type of medication illegal or legal should research their drugs of choice that includes prescription for the short and long terms affects that the drug will have on their bodies and health. Reference History of Drug Use Retrieved April 25, 2011 from: druglibrary. org/schaffer/history/casey1 De Quincey, Thomas. Confessions of an Opium Eater. Preface to the original edition of 1822; revised 1856. London: Oxford University Press. 1902; reprinted 1960. Retrieved April 25, 2011 from:http://books. google. com/books? National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Retrieved April 25, 2011from: nida. nih. gov/researchreports/cocaine/effects. html Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Issue Date: April 6, 2011Database Edition 11. 2. 1. 001Copyright  © 2011 Retrieved April 27, 2011 from drugs. com/cdi/promethazine-codeine-syrup. html Diana Tillman UOP student Retrieved April 25, 2011from personal notes files

10,000 Soldiers Die in Tyrol From Avalanches During World War I

10,000 Soldiers Die in Tyrol From Avalanches During World War I During World War I, a battle waged between Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers amidst the cold, snowy, mountainous region of South Tyrol. While freezing cold and enemy fire were obviously dangerous, even more deadly were the heavily snow-padded peaks that surrounded the troops. Avalanches brought tons of snow and rock down these mountains, killing at an estimated 10,000 Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers in December 1916. Italy Enters World War I When World War I began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in June 1914, countries across Europe stood by their allegiances and declared war to support their own allies. Italy, on the other hand, did not. According to the Triple Alliance, first formed in 1882, Italy, Germany, and Austro-Hungary were allies. However, the terms of the Triple Alliance were specific enough to allow Italy, who had neither a strong military nor a powerful navy, to shirk their alliance by finding a way to remain neutral at the beginning of World War I. As the fighting continued into 1915, the Allied Forces (specifically Russia and Great Britain) began to woo the Italians into joining their side in the war. The lure for Italy was the promise of Austro-Hungarian lands, specifically a contested, Italian-speaking area in Tyrol, located in south-western Austro-Hungary. After more than two months of negotiations, the Allied promises were finally enough to bring Italy into World War I. Italy declared war on Austro-Hungary.on May 23, 1915. Getting the Higher Position With this new declaration of war, Italy sent troops north to attack Austro-Hungary, while Austro- Hungary sent troops to the southwest to defend itself. The border between these two countries was located in the mountain ranges of the Alps, where these soldiers fought for the next two years. In all military struggles, the side with the higher ground has the advantage. Knowing this, each side tried to climb higher into the mountains. Dragging heavy equipment and weaponry with them, soldiers climbed as high as they could and then dug in.   Tunnels and trenches were dug and blasted into the mountainsides, while barracks and forts were built to help protect the soldiers from the freezing cold. Deadly Avalanches While contact with the enemy was obviously dangerous, so were the frigid living conditions. The area, regularly icy, was particularly so from the unusually heavy snowstorms of the 1915-1916 winter, which left some areas covered in 40 feet of snow. In December 1916, the explosions from tunnel-building and from fighting took its toll for the snow began to fall off the mountains in avalanches. On December 13, 1916, a particularly powerful avalanche brought an estimated 200,000 tons of ice and rock on top of an Austrian barracks near Mount Marmolada. While 200 soldiers were able to be rescued, another 300 were killed. In the following days, more avalanches fell on troops both Austrian and Italian. The avalanches were so severe that an estimated 10,000 troops were killed by avalanche during December 1916. After the War These 10,000 deaths by avalanche did not end the war. Fighting continued into 1918, with a total of 12 battles fought in this frozen battlefield, most near the Isonzo River. When the war did end, the remaining, cold troops left the mountains for their homes, leaving much of their equipment behind.

Organisational Development and change (Managment Psychology) Dissertation

Organisational Development and change (Managment Psychology) - Dissertation Example ndustry since September 2008. Pettigrew et al (2001) stated there are six interconnected analytical issues that should be kept in mind when studying change or development in an organisation. These issues are as follows: (a) Multiple levels of contexts and analysis (b) The inclusion of time, history process and action (c) The link between change processes and organisational performance and outcomes (d) Receptivity, customisation, pace, sequencing and episodic versus the continuous change process (e) Cross-cultural comparisons in research, and (f) The partnership between scholars and practitioners in studying change Keeping these six principles in mind, the changes that have taken place in the mobile phone industry since September 2008 are examined closely. The focus is on understanding the motivations and the reasoning behind these changes. September 2008 was chosen as the starting point because this was when a global recession had just set in that also affected the UK economy. This t herefore allows examining the impact of these external changes in the environment on the mobile phone companies and their impact on the strategy formation in these organisations. The organisations chosen for examination are Apple, Nokia, Samsung and HTC. One possible key source of information could be their annual reports, as this would detail changes in strategy that have taken place. It would also give an insight into the direct impact these changes have had on the organisations’ performance, and could help to identify the nature of the change processes, i.e. is the change episodic or continuous in nature? Another set of sources that could provide more insight are statements, letters and interviews from the leadership of these organisations. These could provide an insight into how the organisation perceives its own progress in contrast to its competitors and the future direction the organisation is striving to take. The perception of these changes in the press shall also be examined by looking at the relevant business resources. These changes in strategy formation shall be examined and the impact these changes have produced shall be explored by looking at the relevant sources mentioned in the methods section. It would be necessary to explore more the nature of the change, and the comments and interviews from the leadership of these organisations should provide a better understanding of the reasons and motivations behind their respective strategies. Method of study This will be an Internet resource based study only. It is therefore a non-participant contact study. The idea is to examine the organisations’

Creativity and mentall illness, is there a link Essay

Creativity and mentall illness, is there a link - Essay Example Creativity is defined in many ways by many people. Some people believe that it is the intellectual giftedness. Some others believe that though intelligence is required for creativity, it is not sufficient enough. Independence, fluency and flexibility were cited as the characteristics of creativity. (Waddell) All the intelligent people need not be creative, but all creative people are intelligent. Intelligence is only a part of creativity and in order to become a creative person one should have other qualities like great imaginative power. In fact personality may not have much importance in the life of a creative person. We have lots of examples in which genius persons who adopted crazy life styles. Creativity is the capacity to originate scientiï ¬ c discoveries, artistic works, technical inventions, or engage in political leadership, in a manner that achieves what is conventionally termed eminence (Dutton) Hard work is required for every creative work and hence the mental health has an important role in the making of a creative person. Mental health on the other hand is measured in terms of the social behavior of the person. Any unaccepted social behavior may be considered as the indications of some kind of mental problems. In a study conducted in out of the 291 assessed biographies of eminent males in music, art, writing, science, and political leadership, high rates of psychiatric disorders like depression and alcoholism in writers and artists were found. (Waddell) Kamala Das (Madhavikutty), one of the greatest creative writers from Kerala, India has been passed away recently and her life history is one of the best examples for our topic of â€Å"relation between mental health and creativity†. This writer was one of the all time great romantic writers not only in Malayalam but in English as well. Many of her literature works were translated to English and Arabic like many other languages. At

Visual Merchandising window project for Matchesfashion Essay

Visual Merchandising window project for Matchesfashion - Essay Example The scent inside is fresh and natural together with well-ventilated light ceilings makes it a perfect environment that makes one feel free and comfortable to shop. Matches Fashion Store has a target of fashion ladies together with stylists and models who live in Marylebone. Their VM design is in a way that updates the fashion blogs in a fashion style from a collection of visuals. The VM inside the store brings about the creative environment for the attendants, picture impressions and even pet fittings which make it diversified in meeting the needs of customers together with their pets. The dressing and walking area is spacious enough to allow perfect decoration and styling. Customers get a clear view of the favorite designs as they walk around the shop. Matches Fashion has held different events that seek to advertize it, but they are carefully not to overspend and strain their budget on advertising. Matches Fashion has held advertising done with pageant auditions, using the web and also online promotion with â€Å"face book† and twitter accounts to collect fans and followers respectively. Magazines of Matches Fashion are found in the shop that showcases the shop and its variety of fashions. The focal point is normally found just below the level of the eye slightly away from its center and Matches Fashion have its display windows raised meaning the eye level will be lower. The accessories here fall below giving a perfect display of the store. Just from the other side of the street, an individual can have a vivid view of the shop on the other side from a deflection angle which allows one to look into the shop. In the window; Matches Fashion has slid fragmented glass windows, the walls and pillars are made of bricks. They are well balanced on each side that creates attention and makes the eyes explore. The accessories section is placed forward for easy access and testing. The design of the windows and the

How did nuclear weapons affect the dynamics of the Cold War Essay - 1

How did nuclear weapons affect the dynamics of the Cold War - Essay Example During this period, Cold War revolutionized global approaches to war. Military growth and development became the subject of the day, especially in both Eastern and Western blocs. High tension also became evident as United States and the Soviet Union embarked on a bid to arm themselves with nuclear weapons. A significant rise in the production of nuclear weapons was anticipated following the end of World War II. Both Eastern and Western blocs feared the emergence of yet another world war as time went by. This fear accelerated arming in both United States and the Soviet Union. These two countries had taken their respective positions as global superpowers, an aspect that fuelled the emergence of Cold War. Over the years, the two countries would accumulate weapons of mass destruction without necessarily engaging in physical war-like attacks. Cold War was a significant factor in shaping war trends across the globe. The Soviet Union consolidated the Eastern bloc while the United States of America did the same on the Western bloc. During this time, no fighting of significant scale was reported. In other words, the war was literally cold even though it lasted for decades. Based on these observations, the Cold War exhibited critical dynamics, most of which were subject to the influence of nuclear weapons. Weapons of mass destruction undoubtedly come with consequences that do not only affect the attacked party, but also the attacker. Atomic energy that is out of control carries devastating and catastrophic implications. With two nuclear-armed nations in a standoff, it was evident that the victims would comprise of more than just the warring parties would. In fact, memories of World War II reveal just how destructive atomic bombs and nuclear weapons are. In the context of war, a repeat of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki attack was an experience that warring nations would rather avoid (Miller,

Report based on a Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report based on a Case Study - Essay Example Moreover, the computer graduates need to cover a gestation period of around one year before being totally equipped to join the profession. The above reasons contribute to the lack of a proper skilled and technically proficient workforce in the region. To this end, it is found that a non-profit organization Geekcorps Ghana is endeavoring to rejuvenate the industrial base of the small and medium industries by arranging needed expertise. Geekcorps Ghana is a part of Geekcorps International and it operates based on the mission of transferring technological expertise from the developed countries to the region of Ghana. The non-profit organization operates in the pattern of hiring technical volunteers from developed countries like America who would help in making the small and medium sized industries technically strong and efficient. Technical Volunteers from the developed countries come on a three to four month stint to Ghana and operate to make the industries become technically sound. (I CT-Enabled Development Case Studies Series: Geekcorps of Ghana, 2004). In regards to the stakeholder approach to the case study on Geekcorps Ghana it is found that its activities has helped in generating certain definite and distinct interest groups. It is found that the technical support rendered through the transferring of technical expertise has helped developed the condition of technical students and enterprises operating in the private sector. Moreover, the activity of the non-profit organization has also generated impact on technical team of volunteers hired from developed countries. (ICT-Enabled Development Case Studies Series: Geekcorps of Ghana, 2004). A detailed analysis of the stakeholders is presented as under. It is observed that the computer science educational pattern of the Universities operating in the region of Ghana depended on a traditional framework. The students graduating in Information Technology from these Universities were found to depend

Animal Testing Controversy Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Controversy Essay Each year, millions of animals suffer and die in the process of inhumane testing for the purposes of drug and chemical research, and medical experiments and training exercises. Animals including cats, dogs, rabbits, and mice are force fed harmful substances that are infected with lethal viruses causing reactions like brain damage, strokes, and heart attacks. Not only are these experiments painful to the animals and sometimes fatal, but also they fail to accurately reflect human reactions and are not required by the FDA. The primary reason why animal testing should cease to exist is because it is inhumane to strip a helpless animal of its rights for the benefit of experimentation and research. Animals have a basic moral right to respectful treatment . . .. This inherent value is not respected when animals are reduced to being mere tools in a scientific experiment.† (Lonestar) While animals cannot express themselves as humans can, they can feel, think, behave, and experience pain. Their inability to express themselves should not be taken advantage of. While the FDA encourages manufacturers to conduct whatever testing is necessary to ensure the safety of their products, it does not specifically require the use of animals. (FDA) The FDA actually encourages companies to consider alternatives before deciding that testing on animals is necessary. They advocate that research and testing for products use a maximum amount of useful scientific information and a minimal number of animals tested. When testing does occur, they advocate for the most humane methods available. The Food and Drug Administration supports the Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Service Policy of Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. If companies are not required by the FDA to test their products on animals, there is no reason that it should be a method that is resorted to for experimentation. Not only is animal testing morally incorrect, but it is also not the most effective method to conduct research on products to be used by humans. In fact, 92 percent of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail to tell us that they are too dangerous or ineffective on humans. (Do Something) When conducting an experiment for safety and efficacy on animals, the purpose is to try the product on a living system before exposing it to a human. But the complicated living system of a human being barely compares to that of a helpless small animal. For example Aspirin and chocolate are harmful to cats and dogs while they remain completely unharmful to humans. There are many alternatives that can be used in place for testing on animals. â€Å"Alternative† tests are those that meet one or more of the standards of the â€Å"three R’s: They replace procedures that uses animals with one that doesn’t, reduce the number of animals used in the procedure, or refine a procedure to alleviate or minimize potential animal pain. (DoSomething) While not all of the ‘R’s’ are a complete solution to animal testing, putting any of the three in place would make a significant impact on the lives of many animals. As citizens and consumers, there are ways that we can stand up for the cause of the animals being tested. Many animals are harmed in the process of experimentation for educational purposes. We can demand that our alma maters stop using animals for this purpose. Buying cruelty-free products is something that can be done as a consumer to take away business from companies that test their products on animals. We can make sure that when donating to charities, we choose those that dont experiment on animals. As citizens, we can request from our government legislation that requires alternatives to animal dissection and the immediate implementation of humane, effective non-animal tests. (PETA) Opponents would have you believe that it is okay for animals to be tested on so that humans and sometimes animals would suffer less in the future, however, â€Å"We should be concerned about how animals are treated in research, and [†¦] eliminate the number of animals who suffers† (ASPCA). Researchers are concerned only with their results and not the harmful process it takes to get them. It is clear that not only is animal testing cruel and necessary, but ineffective. However with alternatives to testing and strategies of protest, it’s possible for us to begin to diminish animal testing.

Organisational Culture and Structure on Business Performance

Organisational Culture and Structure on Business Performance The success of a business depends on its management. Without management it is not possible to run or manage a business or anything else. In regard to managing businesses and associated behaviour the field of management behaviour has originated. Management behaviour is about making decisions. It helps people and businesses to concentrate on their goals and business objectives (Baligh 2006). Nowadays almost all businesses are involved in the practice of management behaviour that will be discussed here in this paper with the consideration of its different aspects. The paper will include an analysis of the effects of structure and culture on business performance. Additionally, it will also include a discussion of changes that have occurred in management in last 40 years and that may occur in next 40 years. In the end, the skill set required by an individual to operate at management level will also be discussed. Organisational structure and culture are significantly related to each other and make effects on business performance. For understanding the effects of culture and structure on business performance it is essential to understand organisational culture, structure and business performance (Ryall Craig 2003). Organisational structure is a formal system of work roles and authorities relations that determine how associates and managers work together with one other. It is a pattern of relationships among different organisational positions. With the help of structure it becomes easy to define the process of management (Clayton Fisher n.d.). It also assists with a framework of order and command that directs mangers in planning, organizing, directing and controlling different organisational activities. Organisational culture refers to the values shared by organisation managers and associates. It includes shared assumptions, beliefs, values, norms and language patterns (Ryall Craig 2003). In addition to structure and culture business performance is the ability of a firm to attain its goals by making an effective use of its resources. All these aspects are interrelated to each other and also include several factors that affect individual performance in the workplace (Orna 1999). Structure and culture are the key elements in an organisations success. If an organisation operates by concentrating on these aspects, it becomes easy to attract consumers and increasing competition. Whether a firm is small or large in its size, its effectiveness depends on how it is structure (Daft 2009). This organisational structure gets developed under the influence of the culture that in turn influences a firms ability to implement changes effectively. If a firm is able to maintain an effective culture, it becomes able to develop well-planned organisational structure that makes it easy for business managers to implement changes and attain success. Organizational structure exercises within an organizational culture, but it is interrelated (Ryall Craig 2003). Organizational culture pertains to a broader view that includes number of small organisational issues and aspects (Harris Hartman 2001). On the other hand, organisational structure refers to the infrastructure, and the number of methods and practices employed within that infrastructure (Clayton Fisher n.d.). All the methods and practices assist an organisations culture to operate with the competence and consistency. In modern era organisations are evaluated on the basis of their culture and structure that need to be managed critically. Structure is an integral part of an organisation culture as it primarily deal with the establishment of culture that in turn motivates employees to work effectively in the direction of organisational goals (Orna 1999). If a firm is not able to integrate its structure with culture it would not become able to encourage its employees to take initiatives and implement changes successfully that are critical for its effective performance (Baligh 2006). Organisation culture involves several issues like how management works, which particular obligations supervisors have and how a complaint or issues can be passed through different organisational levels. All these issues related to culture are directly associated to how a firms organisational structure works. In addition to this, there are also several other issues related to culture that can only be resolved through an effective organisational structure (Clayton Fisher n.d.). For effective performance of business it is vital to resolve these issue as otherwise it would not be possible to attain determined profit goals and objectives. Another significant way to describe the interrelationship between structure and culture and their effect on business performance is to identify that how structure works. Organisational structure allows formation of different interrelated groups that are allowed to operate smoothly with specific role and authorities (Orna 1999). This framework or teams allows effective communication and coordination that builds a healthy culture and motivates employees to work in the direction of organisation goals attainment (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). Structure defines the roles and responsibilities of every individual and their interrelation to serve customers. This clear roles and responsibilities increases effective communication and coordination between organisation tasks and jobs that facilitates in developing a positive culture in which everyone works with association and participation (Clayton Fisher n.d.). All these aspects significantly help managers in attaining organisation mission and vision. Changes occurred in Management over the last 40 Years According to senior level employees who are about to retire, it is believed that over the last 40 years several changes have occurred in management and this could be interpreted with the help of evolution of different organisational and motivational theories used by organisations. Previously in regard to management, organisations used to adopt scientific and bureaucratic approach that in present has been replaced by system theory and contingency approaches (Luthans 1998). Previously all organisations used to motivate its employees on the basis of Maslow-Need hierarchy that in present is replaced by McClelland theory and several other theories. Before 40 years, all employees were only responsible for handling their specific tasks but nowadays situation has changed a lot as in present employees are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (McKenna 2000). In old times, it was not essential to play multi-purpose role that in present has become critical for effective management. In past, almost all organizations used to Webers concept of bureaucratic structures but the increased complexity of multinational organizations has now created the requirement of a new structures like functional, project management, matrix and virtual (Luthans 1998). In addition to structure, several other new aspects have emerged in regard to management like different strategy levels, system approach to decision-making, socialization, departmentation, and different leadership theories etc (Harris Hartman 2001). All these concepts were not there in past for managing businesses but now scenario has changed completely as every business has its own specific needs and requirements and all of them select different management approaches according to their suitability (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). In past almost all firms or businesses used to operate with empirical or case approach but now it is not the situation as firms operate with different approaches as competition has increased a lot and it has become difficult to attract customers. In regard to increased competition, the companies are making use of different management approaches. Some present firms are using system approach that considers organisations to be open system whereas some of them are making use of operational approach that endeavours to develop the science and theory of management by drawing upon the concepts, knowledge, techniques from other fields (Luthans 1998). In between these two approaches there are several other approaches that were used throughout last 40 years. In this way, it can be said that the business environment has changed significantly from the time when present senior level managers started working (McKenna 2000). All present senior level managers commit that they have seen several changes in the process of management but all these changes are based on the altering situations, trends and emerging technologies (Harris Hartman 2001). Changes likely to occur in Management in coming 40 Years In regard to the discussion of the changes occurred in management in last 40 years, it can be stated that it is also likely to change in next 40 years. In present almost every aspects of business and its management are changing that will also continue to alter in coming years. An individual who is about to start his career in present 21st century is exposed with significant challenges and is likely to confront several other key changes (Pappas 2006). In present employees are required to play several roles like interpersonal, information and decision making roles but in coming time employees will be required to operate in virtual environment. Presently employees are making use of advanced systems, discussion, meetings to collect information and perform their duties but in future they could do all these things in a virtual environment (Luthans 1998). As well, employees who are about to start their professional career will also confront changes in their roles, levels of management, communication, business strategy, approaches to management and tools used to manage business related aspects (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). The pattern of communication and business management followed till now will substantially changes in coming 40 years. From last half decade the electronic mail has emerged as a key element of corporate communication but in coming years it will also change. In coming years, the management of communication will also change in regard to the change in organisational structures and cultures (Harris Hartman 2001). The employees will be exposed to make use of powerful information-management and collaboration tools that are likely to emerge. With these tools, employees will become able to link associated messages and track message flows more expeditiously (Pappas 2006). As well, it is also believed that the automatic language translation will take foot hold and interconnected messaging will appropriate young employees and managers with a facility to check e-mail, mobile messaging, voice mail, and fax machine from an only inbox (Fast Forward: 25 Trends That Will Change the Way You Do Business 2003). In regard to the changes in communication and business management, it can be said that in coming 40 years most of the employees will depend more on computers rather than their own evaluations or perceptions. More and more softwares will be employed for different jobs and roles that will increase human capabilities (McKenna 2000). In next 40 years, it is likely that the firms and its employees will growingly make use of artificial intelligence to solve different business problems and the pattern of doing work will also change as everyone will be allowed to operate in a virtual environment (Fast Forward: 25 Trends That Will Change the Way You Do Business 2003). Skills Set Required to Work at Management level Working at management level is not as easy as it seems because it involves different skill sets and an ability to involve in team work and group. Nowadays managers are responsible for different roles that cannot be fulfilled if they operate on their own without communicating and coordinating with others. A manager is responsible for performing five functions that are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (Drucker 2007). In addition to this, a manager is also required to interact with many people both within the organisation and outside the organisation and hence perform interpersonal roles (Montana Charnov 2000). For effective interactions and management it is vital to have an ability to communicate, understand, listen, interpret, convince and lead others. If an individual have all these skills and abilities then he can effectively interact with organisations internal as well as external customers and associates. With these skills, a manager can easily play interpersonal roles that may be of figurehead, leader and liaison (Drucker 2007). With the above discussed skills a manager also become able to perform his informational (recipient, disseminator, and spokesperson) and decision roles (entrepreneurs, disturbance handle, resource allocator and negotiator). In addition to these skills several other skills are also required by an individual to operate at management levels that are as follows: Technical Skills: Technical skills pertain to the ability of an individual to perform specific activity. In order to perform specific activity an individual should have all-essential knowledge of methods, processes and procedures as otherwise it would not be possible to carry out given task or duty (Atwood 2008). This could also be understood with the help of examples of some positions like engineers, accountants, computer specialists and project managers who have necessary technical skills for their specialized fields. These skills are essential for an individual to operate at management level as he may also be given responsibility to manage and evaluate others. Without technical skills, it would not be possible for an individual to operate at management level that includes functions like planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (Pride, Hughes Kapoor 2009). Human Skills: Human skills required by an individual to operate at management level are also known as interpersonal skills. It refers to the ability of an individual to work well with other people in a group or team. It refers to the ability of an individual to direct, motivate and communicate with people to help them to attain given objectives (Drucker 2007). These skills are highly important for a person in regard to the creation of an environment in which everyone feels comfortable, free to communicate and share their opinions. This kind of environment can only be create when a manager have human skills. With human skills, a manager can help its employees throughout their interactions with supervisors, peers and people outside the work like customers, suppliers and public. These skills are imperative for an individual to operate at all management levels of an organisation (Montana Charnov 2000). Conceptual Skills: Conceptual skills mean the ability of an individual to think and conceptualize abstract situations. It refers to the ability to comprehend and match up all essential corporate objectives and activities. These skills are critically required when a person is employed at top management level as top managers are highly required to predict changes and see big picture in regard to future (Montana Charnov 2000). Top managers are required to interpret present internal and external changes and trends for the identification of future business strategies. Without conceptual skills an individual cannot operate at management level as it is essential to identify meaning and develop business strategies accordingly (Drucker 2007). The significance of this skill set can also be understood in regard to present competition that requires managers to make appropriate interpretations and appropriate business plans and strategies accordingly. Design Skills: In addition to technical, human and conceptual skills an individual who is going to work at management level is also required to have design skills. Design skills refer to an individuals ability to identify solutions of problems in a way that can significantly benefit organisation. Having the design skills is essential for individuals that are going to operate at management level as at this level there is a critical need of solution rather than just identifying problems (Montana Charnov 2000). Until or unless an individual is not able to propose solutions of different organisational problems with his design skills, he would not be appropriate to work at management level. Conclusion With the help of above discussion, it can be said that management behaviour is an important practice that should be followed by all organisations for attaining an assured success. With the considerations of management related aspects like structure, culture and their interrelationship, affect on business performance a firm can become able to attain high profits and increased performance (Montana Charnov 2000). As well, the evaluation of changes occurred in management in last 40 years and the changes that can occur in coming 40 years is also quite effective as it directs present companies with all essential changes that they should follow for attaining their aims and objectives. Additionally, the identification of skill set required for an individual to operate at management level is also critical as with this a firm can hire or develop employees accordingly. An appropriate skills set is essential to effectively work at management level.

Management Models :: Business Employee Management

The Industrial Revolution brought about the emergence of large-scale business and its need for professional managers. Modern managers use many of the practices, principles and techniques developed from earlier concepts and experiences. Early military and church organizations provided the leadership models on which the classical/functional model was the first to be developed. It began around the 1900 and continued into the 1920s. Max Weber known as the father of modern sociology analyzed bureaucracy as the most rational and logical structure for large organizations4. Through the years, other men and women like Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lilian Gilbreth, Mary Parker Follet and Chester Barnard, to name a few, tried to come with better models which were all geared towards making organizations more productive and lucrative until in the 1950s, the project management model was developed by Henry Gratt.

Impressionism Essay -- Impressionists Art Artists Essays

Impressionism Early in the twentieth century, Impressionism brought about the artistic revolution, which included the world’s finest painters. The art of Impressionism strives to create a sensation or evoke a mood that is significant to the artist. Although, developed chiefly in France during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the impressionistic movement was not exclusively French artists. Eugene Boudin, Jongkind, and Stanislas Lepine were among the forerunners of the Impressionistic movement. Eugene Boudin, one of the founders of the art, held a major role in the development of Impressionism. Through the many influences of Eugene Boudin, artists expressed themselves through the utilization of color and light, a technique still used today. World famous Impressionists were inspired by Monet, Manet, and Renoir. Through the advancements of the Realists, Impressionism became a state of mind, in which artists could convey their personal visual reality through the effects of color and light. The post-renaissance period is largely considered one of the most influential precursors to Impressionism. The founders of the Impressionistic society were animated by the will to break away from the traditional style of art. The influence was great out of France, especially in Germany, Liebermann, Corinth, and in Belgium. Impressionists were largely responsible for a major shift in the development of western art, influencing other artists who admired their work. Eugene Boudin began teaching artists such as Monet, Manet, Courbet, Bazille, Sisley, and Renoir how to observe the changing lights. Distinctive atmospheres in France that were afforded by the constantly changing nature of the landscape made ... ...rances. It was around this time that Impressionists were becoming appreciated. Monet’s famous Impressions: soleil levant is generally thought to have prompted the naming of the whole genre (Tucker, 1995, p.4). It was first used as a name of an exhibition, Exposition des Impressionnistes. Then impressionniste was printed in the Charivari after the exhibition. Through both many influences of Eugene Boudin and the advancements of the Realists, Impressionism became, not only an art form, but a state of mind. Through Impressionism, artists could convey their personal visual reality with the use of color and light. Among the inspired were Monet, Manet, and Renoir, who later became artists of world famous Impressions. Still utilized today, Impressionism strives to create a sensation or evoke a mood significant to each artist, and capture the audience.

Obeying The Law Essay

A social structure is mandatory for the survival of humans. Man’s natural affinity for evil and conflict has been around since the dawn of time – until order was maintained through the introduction of laws. Without law, the integrity and stability of society would diminish completely. As a strong advocate of determinism, Thomas Hobbes believes that a strict government is the only way to social stability. Hobbes believed that a state of nature – one without a form of government – would essentially be a â€Å"war of all against all.† This life would hardly be worth living due to the inherent evil nature of some human beings – selfishness, desperation and greed are the factors that define the â€Å"war of all against all state.† Hobbes thought that people will violently compete in order to secure the basic necessities of life or for material gains; that people would compete and challenge others out of fear to ensure personal safety and to earn a glorified reputation so as to deter others from challenging us. Without some form of leadership, laws and government everyone would be in a state of universal insecurity dominated by fear. Even those who aren’t selfish or cowardly – those who are inherently good – would behave selfishly and cowardly in order to secure their safety. They would have no problem, for example, attacking a potential threat if it would earn them a reputation of someone who shouldn’t be â€Å"messed with.† In the words of Hobbes â€Å"the wickedness of bad men also compels good men to have recourse, for their own protection, to the virtues of war, which are violence and fraud.† Laws have arisen in society as a way for the government to take control – to prevent negative behaviour from citizens in a society. Many behaviours have had a negative stigma associated with them due to religious beliefs and historically, laws were introduced as a means of preventing this unwanted, unacceptable behaviour. Issues of the past, no matter how unnecessary they may sound, posed a problem at one point or another and were dealt with the introduction of laws. Ancient Babylon’s earliest law was a simple philosophy – an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Roman laws consisted of such things as: â€Å"Whenever someone makes a formal promise or sells property, then according to law, that promise must be carried out† or â€Å"if anyone sings  abusive songs about somebody else, he shall be put to death.† Another law was more conditional: â€Å"If anyone breaks somebody else’s limb and does not apologize, then the other man can break the first man’s limb in return.† This law was conditional based on an apology. A uniform legal code was first introduced for the whole Roman Empire and issues were dealt with through lawyers and a judge – Canadian legal code is loosely based on these principles. Even today, there are some ridiculous laws that may seem unnecessary in Canada, such as: â€Å"You can’t drag a dead horse down Yonge St. on a Sunday† or â€Å"having the colour of house and garage doors being regulated by city bylaws.† Both those laws seem irrelevant to societal norms in Canada, but they posed a threat at one point or another. Laws are fundamental means of protection and ownership for everyone within society. They enforce fair and equal treatment of all citizens in society. The goal of the law is to ensure that there is fairness to all and justice. Justice is only achieved through equal treatment to every member in society and that is why there are strict laws with the punishment for each crime being the same. If punishments varied for two murderers who commit the exact same form of murder then one of them would be done an injustice – something which is unacceptable in society. The law must treat every group and every individual equally to maintain order in society. As well as maintaining order, the law and the equivalent punishments for breaking it have many purposes. For a start, the main purpose of the law is the remove the dangerous person – the criminal – from society. Removing the offender not only ensures the safety of individuals in society, but it, in a sense, â€Å"teaches the offender a lesson.† An optimistic view is that the offender will realize that they have been caught and will learn that they can no longer get away with that particular form of crime. This, of course, is rarely the case. The view of the offender is commonly that â€Å"I’ve been caught; I have to be more careful.† This is where the next benefit of the punishment comes in. In cases such as homicide or forms of sadistic violence the point of punishment is an effort to rehabilitate the offender – to teach the offender that what they did was wrong not because they got caught, but because many people were affected by it and it is an unacceptable way to  behave in society. Dangerous Offender legislation is a prime example of the benefits of rehabilitation. Its goal is to keep anyone deemed a Dangerous Offender, usually the sickest, most sadistic and twisted criminals, imprisoned until they show psychological improvement regardless of their sentence. A third goal of the law is to deter individuals from committing crime. That is, regular citizens will realize that there are severe penalties for committing a crime and that getting caught is very common and therefore decide that committing a crime is too risky and not commit it. Severe punishments are required in conjunction with common arrest rates in order to effectively deter potential criminals. Children are socialized to obey the law from a very young age. Parents are responsible for teaching children rules and morals which they must obey. This is the same principle as the law. If a child breaks a rule, that child is punished. If a person breaks a law, that person is punished. When children are old enough to break the law and be punished for it, they know what is right and wrong due to moral guidance. Even those without natural intuition of what is right or wrong – Natural Law – know not to break the law due to the punishments they endured as a child for breaking rules. Being obedient of the law is something that is required of all citizens, not only because of the consequences that follow, but because of the societal order that is maintained by having everyone obey the law. If one person gets away with breaking the law, no matter how miniscule the punishment may be, other people will get the impression that this law is not enforced or that is very easy to get away with and continue to break it. A prime example of this is seen with marijuana legislation. Many people have smoked, or continue to smoke marijuana regularly, making it more common and therefore more acceptable in society. Although society appears to accept it more, it doesn’t mean that marijuana isn’t harmful or detrimental to a person’s well-being. Various drugs could potentially be argued as a lifestyle choice and left up to the individual using them, but this is not the way society should be governed. Laws are imposed for a reason and drugs are illegal because they harm the user, even if it’s willfully. There is no way to govern â€Å"responsible drug use,† especially when it comes to operating  vehicles. Breaking any law has an overall negative effect on society. Stealing from even the largest store, such as Wal-Mart, will have a negative effect on everyone. Not only does the owner of the store lose their merchandise, money and time, those who shop at Wal-Mart may experience a surge in prices on the stolen item. This is due to the owner needing to make up for the lost profit of the stolen goods. Some may follow the principle that one person committing an action such as stealing has no detrimental effect, but if everyone followed that principle, the store would go out of business due to theft and all the â€Å"good Samaritans† who didn’t steal and paid for their goods would again be losing out for something they had nothing to do with. Those laws which are no longer necessary will phase out of law naturally, such as it being illegal to drag a dead horse down Yonge St. on a Sunday no longer posing a problem in Canada. If Canada were to suddenly remove its government, society would be in a chaotic state. People would be free to loot, plunder, kill and perform reckless acts with no one to stop them. Everyone’s â€Å"rights† would essentially be taken away. No one would have the right to life. This poses yet another question – is it ever okay to break the law? Take the scenario of a starving mother who must steal to feed her family. In this case, it may seem okay to break the law. But this is only because this mother cannot support her family and essentially they are being denied the right to life – guaranteed to them by law. This situation seems rather paradoxical, as she is breaking the law to uphold the law. In times of desperation, where the most basic human right is being denied or impaired, it is okay to break the law. When survival is necessary, any human would break the law as is the case of self-defense scenarios. This is why sentencing is flexible. While the law is very strict, the sentencing may be lowered on conditions such as why the crime was committed and the situation of the criminal. A final question to pose is: does the law provide justice? Justice is defined as â€Å"the principle of moral rightness; equity.† But the problem with this definition is that morals are commonly subjective by person. Obviously, there are many things that are objectively wrong including murder, but there are many moral â€Å"grey spots.† Based upon who is asked, speeding on the  highway may be a taboo to one person, but be perfectly okay to another. It’s safe to say that justice is the act of maintaining order in a way that benefits and affects everyone in the same way in regards to law. Laws that put restrictions on a specific group or individual are not just because they limit the rights of certain individuals. According to this principle, the law is just. It maintains order in society while treating all individuals equally without reference to their sex, age, ethnicity and/or cultural and religious beliefs. So long as the law treats everyone equally, includin g those in power, the law can be considered just. The law is a major part of society that is used to maintain order. Before the imposition of a leader and specific guidelines, society was in a state of chaos – no one was protected and everyone lived in a state of universal insecurity. With the introduction of a legal system and laws, society has been governed in a peaceful way and criminals have traditionally been dealt with in a way that was accepted by all members of society. Even ancient societies, such as the Babylonians and the Romans used laws to sustain order and to ensure that justice was done. The law has been, and will continue to be an essential part of all societies. Without a legal system, the value of society would be reduced to nothingness and the integrity of humans would be absent from the world.

Tda 2.9

Support Children and Young People’s Positive Behaviour 1. 1 Describe the policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting children and young people’s positive behaviour ————————————————- ————————————————- Policies and procedures of the setting relevant to promoting positive behaviour, eg: ————————————————- †¢ behaviour policy ————————————————- †¢ code of conduct ————————————————- rewards and sanctio ns ————————————————- †¢ dealing with conflict and inappropriate behaviour ————————————————- †¢ anti-bullying ————————————————- †¢ attendance 1. 2 Describe, with examples, the importance of all staff consistently and fairly applying boundaries and rules for children and young people’s behaviour in accordance with the policies and procedures of the setting ————————————————- ————————————————-It is crucial for all s taff to be consistent as then the children know exactly what is expected of them each time they come to the child minders. It also really helps that if the rules we put into place at the child minders are then, if not already done, are put into place at home, as then this will help children to be less confused and only have one set of rules, which is why at this stage it is essential for consistency. Once the child is older it may also be helpful if the child is involved in drawing up the boundaries and rules to follow and may assist them in taking responsibility for their actions and behaviour. . 1 Describe the benefits of encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour ————————————————- ————————————————- A key way of children learning behaviour and attitude comes from watching their peers and adults around them, so if all staff can show a positive attitude and show kindness then the children will pick this way of thinking up and start acting in the manor aswell. 3. 2 Describe the sorts of behaviour problems that should be referred to others and to whom these should be referred ————————————————-It always depends on each child and their circumstances. ————————————————- For example if the child’s parents have just split up and their not seeing one of their parents they are going to be upset and angry and may lash out. This is why good communications skills with the child’s parents is key as you know what’s happening and therefore you maybe can see why the child is behaving in a certain manner. —â €”——————————————- ————————————————- Inappropriate language, taking about private parts, this should be looked into further with the child’s parents. ———————————————— ————————————————- Violence, Kicking, punching, ————————————————- ————————————————- Verbal abuse, swearing etc.. ——————â €”—————————- ————————————————- All these above should be talked through with the parents firstly, unless the child has explained that this behaviour is because of sexual abuse for example then this should be referred to social services for them to investigate. Tda 2.9 MU 2. 4 MU 2. 4:TASK 1 1. 1 Outline the health and safety policies and procedures of the work setting. If an accident occurs write down in accident book. No matter how small the injury is. With a double signature from staff and end of the day by parents Medical Records. Only prescription drugs to be recorded. Making sure the gate is always shut on the entrance to the kitchen area so the children can’t go in and get hurt or burnt. All cleaning products are locked away in the kitchen area and children are not allowed in there. Fire exits always clear and known to staff and back exit gate key on hook if needed.Making sure children wash their hands after the toilet and before eating. Continual risk assessment of new and on-going tasks and areas of the children’s surroundings. i. e. If I see an overhanging bramble/branch in the garden, I would need to cut it off and mention it to the manger before children can play. If there were objects that could cause unnecessary accident s they would need picking up. If there was lots of mess on the floor like paper that would need to be cleaned up to avoid slips. This would be the same if there was water spilt and the manager would need to be informed.Making sure all the rooms are ventilated so the children don’t get over heated and not to cold either. Staff to child ratio on walks would be one adult to two children with the nursery that can increase to one adult to eight children. All people working even the volunteers have to be CRB checked. The following are some of the legislations on which these policies and procedures are based Health and safety at work act 1974 The purpose of this act is to promote and encourage high standards at work place. It protects all the employers, employees, workers and the other member of the public who may be affected by the work activities.Kite marking CE, product safety marking When you see a product with a Kite mark this means BSI has independently tested it and has confi rmed that the product conforms to the relevant British Standard, and has issued a BSI license to the company to use the Kite mark. The manufacturer pays for this service and their product is tested, and the manufacturing process is assessed, at regular intervals. The Kite mark is the symbol that gives consumers the assurance that the product they have bought really does conform to the appropriate British Standard and should therefore be safe and reliable.The Motor vehicles (wearing of seat belts) regulations 2006 The original proposed law require all passengers aged 3 years and over to wear a seat belt in buses and coaches, if fitted. RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 Employers, the self-employed and those in control of premises are required by law to report specified workplace incidents, such as work-related deaths, major injuries, 7-day injuries (those causing more than seven day’s inability to carry out normal duties ), work related diseases, and dangerous occurrences (near miss accidents).Employers, the self-employed and those in control of premises are required by law to report specified workplace incidents, such as work-related deaths, major injuries, 7-day injuries (those causing more than seven day’s inability to carry out normal duties), work related diseases, and dangerous occurrences (near miss accidents). Childcare act 2006 The Childcare Act, passed into law on 11 July 2006, is pioneering legislation – the first ever exclusively concerned with Early Years and childcare. Measures in the act formalize the important strategic role local authorities play, through a set of duties.These duties require authorities to work with their NHS and Job Centre Plus partners to improve the outcomes of all children up to five years of age and reduce inequalities between them, secure sufficient childcare for working parents, provide a parental information service, Provide information, advice and training for childcare providers. Food hygiene legislation 2006 Anyone who owns manages or works in a food business, apart from those working in primary food production such as harvesting, slaughtering or milking, is affected by these Regulations.They apply to anything from a cafe to a five star restaurant, from a village hall where food is prepared to a large supermarket, or to a vending machine. Manual handling operations regulations 1992 The Regulations establish the following clear hierarchy of control measures: 1. Avoid hazardous manual handling operations so far as is reasonably practicable, for example by redesigning the task to avoid moving the load or by automating or mechanising the process. 2.Make a suitable and sufficient assessment of any hazardous manual handling operations that cannot be avoided. 3. Reduce the risk of injury from those operations so far as is reasonably practicable. Where possible, you should provide mechanical assistance, for example a sack trol ley or hoist. Where this is not reasonably practicable, look at ways of changing the task, the load and working environment. 1. 2 Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety in the work setting. All staff is responsible for the health and safety in a setting.The lines of responsibility are divided among different staff members but the manager and the deputy manager have the most responsibly and after that the room leaders or the supervisors have the responsibility for health and safety. A rota is set to carry out certain health and safety check, a risk assessment is made every morning at the start of the day before the nursery starts, by carrying out risk assessments you can reduce the risk of injury or harm, and anything that is broken or damaged or not working fine has to be removed and noted down. Whoever plans an activity is responsible for the risks or hazards involved in that activity.Any incident or accident has to be proper logged in a record boo k and has to be notified to the respective person either manager, deputy manager or the parents of that particular child. In my placement of work I am asked to report any problem or risk to my supervisor who is responsible for my assessment. For serious health and safety issues like if an abuse or serious neglect is suspected towards a child then the head can report to health and safety executives, Ofsted, child protection agency and NSPCC. 1. 3 explains what risk assessment is and how this is managed in the work setting.Daily safety checks are made to manage risk assessment like checking of all the fire exits that they are clear at all times, fire drill procedures are displayed, dangerous objects are cleared away, health and safety hazards like broken furniture, any slippery carpet , slippery surface due to liquid or sand is cleaned, check for damaged or broken toys, hygiene and cleanliness of the room, all toxic materials are locked away, electrical sockets undamaged and secured, furniture and other fixed equipment is in working order, accident/incident book on site, signing-in book out, first aid box at place and complete, no sharp edges on either toys or furniture, cleanliness of toilets, animal faeces outside the play area, entrance is secure. TASK 2 2. 1 Explain why a safe but challenging environment is important for children and young people. It is the responsibility of the work setting to provide safe environment to the children but at the same time there are always risks involved. The children will be over protected if they are not involved in any challenging activities.Children are always curious and they want to take risks like climbing ropes or riding bicycles or jumping from higher surfaces. These activities will bring in confidence in them, make them brave and strong, they will have a good feeling about themselves, and they have something adventurous to tell their parents. But at the same time it is the responsibility of the work place to have an up to date health and safety policy so as to ensure whatever activities children are in involved are in accordance with the legislations. 2. 2 Identify the difference between risk and hazard. A risk is a chance high or low that someone will be harmed by a hazard.While a hazard is anything that can cause harm. Every day life activities include a lot of risks like slipping or tripping, falling down. A child care setting on a major high road can be serious risk; the hazards involved are fast moving traffic which can be controlled by having a strong fencing. Risk is a situation and hazard is a danger that is present in that risk. 2. 3 Identify potential hazards to the health, safety and security of children and young people. The security hazards include no cctv at the entrance of the building, no fencing around the play area. Entrance is not secure, picking up of the children, unauthorized entry in the building, damage or vandalism to the building. f children are going for an outing th e potential hazards are not wearing high visibility jackets, crossing the road, the strangers on the outside, playing with poisonous plants, trying to pick something from the grass to eat, they try to reach for wires or sockets, they reach for cleaning liquids, try to go to the kitchen if its unlocked, try to go out if find a door open. The health and safety hazards are children getting injured, hurt, sick, infection spreading, being abused either physically or emotionally, if there is a fire and someone is hurt it is a hazard, the broken and dirty toys, damaged equipment, unbalanced or lose ropes or ladders in the garden, slippery surface due to snow in the garden, faeces or litter in the outside play area. TASK 3 3. 1 identify non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work setting.The following are some of the non medical incidents and emergencies that can occur in a work setting, they include missing child, fire, bomb threat, unauthorized person in the building, floods, any damage or vandalism in the building, bullying, lack or loss of services like gas, electricity, heating or water, staff issues like strike, snow , closure by ofstead, a gas leak, hazardous spillage, emergency closure. 3. 2 outline the actions to take in response to the following situations: a) Fire b) Security incidents c) Emergency incidents. (This will cross over with TDA2. 2: 2. 4) 4. 1 IDENTIFY THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS WHICH MANY INDICATE THAT A CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON IS INJURED OR UNWELL.The following are some of the signs and symptoms which can be recognized when we suspect that a child or young person is not well or injured If a child is not active in the setting, sitting quietly, not involving in the other activities, showing no interest in eating, feeling low, coughing, not playing with the other children, moody ,dehydration, diarrhoea or vomiting then these are some of the signs that the child is unwell. In case of an injury if a child is not walking properly, or rubbing a particular area, feeling dizzy, bruising. The injury can be something that happened at home or happened at the setting and the child didn’t tell anyone. In case of young people they show lack of interest in studies, keeping it to themselves, not cheerful, feeling dizzy, quite. These are a few of the signs and symptoms which indicate that they are not well. 4. 2 Identify circumstances when children or young people, may need urgent medical attention.There are certain conditions which can be handled by the first aider in the setting like bruising , or a bump but when certain situation arises when a person needs un urgent medical condition like if they are hurt and there is an open wound which is bleeding, they have a serious burn, they have a head injury and they are feeling dizziness or blackouts, being unconscious or unresponsive, fractured their limbs, difficulties in breathing and blue lips or having an allergic reaction to something, having a temperature of more t han 38c, in all these cases the staff at the setting is required to call for an immediate medical help and call an ambulance and need to inform the parents or carers as soon as possible. 4. 3 Outline own role and responsibilities in the event of a child or a young person requiring urgent medical attention. This question is a cross reference with TDA 2. 2:2. 1, 2. , 2. 3. 5. 1 describe the reporting procedures for accidents, incidents, emergencies and illnesses. There are different kinds of injuries that can happen in the result of an accident. In case of serious accidents like a major injury with an open wound, a head injury with dizziness, electric shock, fractured limbs or unconsciousness ,severe allergic reactions these are all serious injuries and need urgent medical attention and need more than a first aider to help around. All this has to be reported to health and safety executive, the manager of the setting and the parents. This has to be recorded in the accident record book with all the details.In case of incidents which involve minor injuries that can be dealt with the help of first aider like minor bruises, slipping or tripping, vomiting, incidents that involve bullying, damage to the building, entry of an unauthorized person they are all incidents and they have to be recorded in an incident record book with all the details and manager has to be aware of this at all times. Illnesses such as high fever, vomiting, and stomach ache, signs of cold cough or flu they have all to be recorded in the Childs individual record book with all the details. In case of emergencies like a fire evacuation, or a bomb threat they have to be recorded in the emergency record book with all the details as how the emergency was dealt with. 6. 1 Outline procedures for infection control in own work setting. There are certain procedures that have to be carried out when dealing with the infection control in the work setting. Personal protective equipment includes disposable glov es, aprons and in certain cases goggles.They have to be worn while changing, feeding, anything to do with spillage of blood, vomiting, urine or any liquids that contain the risk to spread infection. Children should be encouraged to wash hands before and after eating, they need to wash hands after certain activities like playing with sand, playing outside and while using glue in arts and crafts and after playing with the play dough. They toys have to be clean and should be regularly checked. Pedal bins are provided; paper towels are always available in the bathrooms so that children can use them whenever they come out of the toilet. The staff is advised to keep their nails short at all times and keep their hair tied up while working with children to prevent the spreading of infection.Any spillage has to be cleaned and disposed off immediately to prevent the infection. If children are ill with the symptoms or cold or flu , their parents are advised not to send them to school and have to wait for at least 48 hours before all the symptoms have gone, with other serious illnesses like chicken pox and measles they have to wait for a specific time to be returned to school and in some cases need a letter from their GP. 6. 2 Describe personal protective clothing that is used to prevent spread of infection. Personal protective clothing is a term used to describe the clothing and equipment that is used in a work setting to prevent from any infections or injuries.They include disposable gloves which can be worn while changing a baby, cleaning of any fluids like vomiting, urine or any spillage, used in kitchen and have to be disposed of every time . Disposable aprons have to be worn during the changing, feeding, cooking and cleaning; some cases required wearing of goggles. TASK 4 7. 1 Identify the procedures of the work setting governing the receipt, storage and administration of medicines. According to the guidance set out in the childcare setting ‘medicines must not usually be administered unless they have been prescribed for that child by a doctor, dentist or a pharmacist’. The workplace is not allowed to give medicines to children who are ill, but there are certain circumstances where exceptions can be made.The medicines can only be given if they needed to be but only with a written consent letter from the parents, and a doctors or GP letter. They have sign in the medicine with the manager in their child’s individual record book. The records are always kept in a medicine record book with each child’s name, age, class, the reason for the medicine, how much dose has to be given and how much was given each time, who gave the medicine and who administrate it. The medicine has to be put in a secure location that is in the office usually and can only be accessed by the manager or whoever is allowed to administrate it. The medicine can only be given by the manager, deputy manager or qualified level 3 workers.The consent form ha s to be signed by the parents at all time and each time at the end of the day they have to be informed about the dosage given and signed by the parents. 7. 2 Explain how the procedures of the work setting protect both children and young people and practitioners. The procedures at the workplace are carried out in such a way as to protect everyone including the children and the people working there. The main aim of the practitioners is to protect the children from any harm possible either physical or emotional. There are several procedures that are carried out from health and safety policies and procedures which ensure the protection of the children and the people working in the setting.The procedures carried out for the health and safety of children, fire drills, no unauthorized entry in the building, hygiene, safe indoor and outdoor activities, administrations of medicines are some of the procedures that are carried out to protect the children and work place. For practitioners the p rocedure that protect them include that they have to keep record of all the incidents and accidents that happen and by recording everything in the record book they ensure that all the records are up to date and if something happens in near future 5the records and the signatures are there. Practitioners are protected by not letting children go with anyone other than the parents or the authorized person, if they have to administer the medicine they need to have the consent signatures of the parents beforehand.